Synthesis and Biological Activity of Aromatic Amino Acid Phosphoramidates of 5-Fluoro-2‘-deoxyuridine and 1-β-Arabinofuranosylcytosine: Evidence of Phosphoramidase Activity

Abstract

The amino acid phosphoramidate diesters of FUdR (2) and Ara-C (6), 5-fluoro-2‘-deoxy-5‘-uridyl N-(1-carbomethoxy-2-phenylethyl)phosphoramidate (5a), 5-fluoro-2‘-deoxy-5‘-uridyl N-(1-carbomethoxy-2-indolylethyl)phosphoramidate (5b), 1-β-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5‘-N-(1-carbomethoxy-2-phenylethyl)phosphoramidate (8a), and 1-β-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5‘-N-(1-carbomethoxy-2-indolylethyl)phosphoramidate (8b), were synthesized and tested for their antitumor activity against L1210 mouse lymphocytic leukemia cells and CCRF-CEM human T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Ara-C phosphoramidates 8a,b were found to be inactive at a concentration of 100 μM, while the FUdR conjugates 5a,b exhibited IC₅₀ values within a range of 0.30−0.40 μM. Stability studies revealed that >99% of the phosphoramidates remained intact after incubation for >2 days in 20% calf or 20% human serum. Intracellular thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibition studies revealed that treatment of L1210 and CCRF-CEM cells with 5a or 5b resulted in significant inhibition of TS in intact and permeabilized cells, while treatment of L929 TK^- cells with these compounds did not result in inhibition of TS activity in intact cells. However, permeabilization of L929 TK^- cells enhanced the activity of 5a,b toward intracellular TS by 900- and 1500-fold, respectively. In addition, incubation of cell-free extracts of CEM cells with radiolabeled 5b resulted in the rapid production of FUdR 5‘-monophosphate and a lag in the generation of FUdR. Consequently, it is proposed that the metabolism of the phosphoramidate diesters of FUdR in proliferating tissue proceeds through two separate enzymatic steps involving P−N bond cleavage by an unknown phosphoramidase followed by P−O bond cleavage by phosphatases such as 5‘-nucleotidase.