Spread-spectrum watermarking of audio signals
- 26 March 2003
- journal article
- Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
- Vol. 51 (4), 1020-1033
- https://doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2003.809384
Abstract
Watermarking has become a technology of choice for a broad range of multimedia copyright protection applications. Watermarks have also been used to embed format-independent metadata in audio/video signals in a way that is robust to common editing. In this paper, we present several novel mechanisms for effective encoding and detection of direct-sequence spread-spectrum watermarks in audio signals. The developed techniques aim at (i) improving detection convergence and robustness, (ii) improving watermark imperceptiveness, (iii) preventing desynchronization attacks, (iv) alleviating estimation/removal attacks, and finally, (v) establishing covert communication over a public audio channel. We explore the security implications of the developed mechanisms and review watermark robustness on a benchmark suite that includes a combination of audio processing primitives including: time- and frequency-scaling with wow-and-flutter, additive and multiplicative noise, resampling, requantization, noise reduction, and filtering.Keywords
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