Cocirculation of Two Transmission Lineages of Echovirus 6 in Jinan, China, as Revealed by Environmental Surveillance and Sequence Analysis
- 1 June 2011
- journal article
- Published by American Society for Microbiology in Applied and Environmental Microbiology
- Vol. 77 (11), 3786-3792
- https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.03044-10
Abstract
Enterovirus environmental surveillance on sewage from the city of Jinan, Shandong Province, China, was initiated in 2008. Thirty echovirus 6 (E6) strains—1 in 2008 and 29 in 2010—were isolated and identified. Most E6 isolates ( n = 21) came from the sewage collected on August 2010, revealing high local E6 activity at that time. Interestingly, the VP1 sequences of most isolates, even from the same sewage, were not identical. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 sequences revealed two lineages for these isolates, with 78.0 to 80.0% nucleotide identities with one another, 94.8 to 100.0% identity within the major lineage, and 92.7 to 98.5% identity within the minor one. The VP1 sequences of environmental isolates, clinical isolates from 1998 to 2010, and global E6 were subjected to evolutionary analysis using Bayesian phylodynamic methods. The inferred E6 VP1 ancestral sequence dated back to 1901 (range, 1873 to 1928) and evolved with 7.047 × 10 −3 substitutions per site per year. Shandong E6 segregated into three clusters, and the two environmental lineages belonged to clusters A and C, which originated in 2003 and 1992, respectively. The antigenicity analysis via neutralization assay confirmed great antigenic differences between Shandong isolates and a prototype strain. These findings underscore the value of continuous environmental surveillance and genetic analysis to monitor circulating enteroviruses in the population and give further insight into E6 evolution.Keywords
This publication has 33 references indexed in Scilit:
- Isolation of a recombinant type 3/type 2 poliovirus with a chimeric capsid VP1 from sewage in Shandong, ChinaVirus Research, 2010
- Co-circulation of coxsackieviruses A6 and A10 in hand, foot and mouth disease outbreak in FinlandJournal of Clinical Virology, 2010
- BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling treesBMC Evolutionary Biology, 2007
- Molecular identification of 13 new enterovirus types, EV79–88, EV97, and EV100–101, members of the species Human Enterovirus BVirus Research, 2007
- Molecular Epidemiology of Echoviruses 11 and 13, Based on an Environmental Surveillance Conducted in Toyama Prefecture, 2002-2003Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2006
- Species-specific RT-PCR amplification of human enteroviruses: a tool for rapid species identification of uncharacterized enterovirusesJournal of General Virology, 2006
- Assessment of an Enterovirus Sewage SurveillanceSystem by Comparison of Clinical Isolates with Sewage Isolatesfrom Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Collected August 1994 toDecember2002Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2003
- Complete Genomic Sequencing Shows that Polioviruses and Members of Human Enterovirus Species C Are Closely Related in the Noncapsid Coding RegionJournal of Virology, 2003
- Viruses in sewage as an indicator of their presence in the communityEpidemiology and Infection, 1981
- A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequencesJournal of Molecular Evolution, 1980