Chk1 activation requires Rad9 S/TQ-site phosphorylation to promote association with C-terminal BRCT domains of Rad4TOPBP1

Abstract

To gain insight into the function and organization of proteins assembled on the DNA in response to genotoxic insult we investigated the phosphorylation of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe PCNA-like checkpoint protein Rad9. C-terminal T412/S423 phosphorylation of Rad9 by Rad3^ATR occurs in S phase without replication stress. Rad3^ATR and Tel1^ATM phosphorylate these same residues, plus additional ones, in response to DNA damage. In S phase and after damage, only Rad9 phosphorylated on T412/S423, but not unphosphorylated Rad9, associates with a two-BRCT-domain region of the essential Rad4^TOPBP1 protein. Rad9–Rad4^TOPBP1 interaction is required to activate the Chk1 damage checkpoint but not the Cds1 replication checkpoint. When the Rad9-T412/S423 are phosphorylated, Rad4^TOPBP1 coprecipitates with Rad3^ATR, suggesting that phosphorylation coordinates formation of an active checkpoint complex.