Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia Does Not Accurately Identify Potentially Resistant Pathogens: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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Open Access
- 22 November 2013
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Oxford University Press (OUP) in Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Vol. 58 (3), 330-339
- https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit734
Abstract
Background. The 2005 American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines introduced a concept of healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) to define patients at higher risk of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, thus requiring broad spectrum therapy. There has been no systematic evaluation of the ability of this definition to identify antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Methods. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing the frequency of resistant pathogens (defined as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in populations with HCAP compared with populations with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Predictive accuracy was evaluated using the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC). The frequencies of pathogens in each group were pooled using a random effects model. Results. Twenty-four studies were included (n = 22 456). Overall study quality was poor. HCAP was associated with an increased risk of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (odds ratio [OR], 4.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.69–6.04) enterobactericeae (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.69–2.63), and P. aeruginosa (OR, 2.75; 95% CI, 2.04–3.72; all P < .0001), but these analyses were confounded by publication bias. The discriminatory ability of HCAP for resistant pathogens was low (AUC, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.69–0.71) and was lower in high-quality (AUC, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.62–0.70) and prospective studies (AUC, 0.64; 95% CI 0.62–0.66). After adjustment for age and comorbidities, mortality was not increased in HCAP (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.85–1.70; P = .30). Conclusions. The HCAP concept is based on predominantly low-quality evidence and does not accurately identify resistant pathogens. Mortality in HCAP does not appear to be due to a higher frequency of resistant pathogens.Keywords
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