Effects of Tip Location and Shielding on Piles in Consolidating Ground

Abstract

Pile foundations located within consolidating ground are commonly subjected to negative skin friction (NSF) and failures of pile foundations related to dragload (compressive force) and downdrag (pile settlement) have been reported in the literature. This paper reports the results of four centrifuge model tests, which were undertaken to achieve two objectives: first, to investigate the response of a single pile subjected to NSF with different pile tip location with respect to the end-bearing stratum layer; and second, to study the behavior of floating piles subjected to NSF with and without shielding by sacrificing piles. In addition, three-dimensional numerical analyses of the centrifuge model tests were carried out with elastoplastic slip considered at the pile-soil interface. The measured maximum $\beta$ value at unprotected single end-bearing and floating pile was similar and slightly smaller than 0.3. On the contrary, smaller $\beta$ values of 0.1 and 0.2 were mobilized at the shielded center piles for pile spacings of 5.0 $d$ and 6.0 $d$ , respectively. The measured maximum dragload of the center pile in the group at 5.0 $d$ and 6.0 $d$ spacing was only 53% and 75% of the measured maximum dragload of an isolated single pile, respectively. Correspondingly, the measured downdrag of the center pile was reduced to about 57% and 80% of the isolated single pile. Based on the numerical analyses, it is revealed that sacrificing piles “hang up” the soil between the piles in the group and, thus, the vertical effective stress in the soil so reduced, as is the horizontal effective stress acting on the center pile. This “hang-up” effect reduces with an increase in pile spacing. For a given pile spacing, shielding effect on dragload is larger than that on downdrag.