Meta-analysis of risk factors for Parkinson’s disease dementia
Open Access
- 1 June 2016
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Springer Science and Business Media LLC in Translational Neurodegeneration
- Vol. 5 (1), 11
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s40035-016-0058-0
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder in elder population. Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) is one of the most common non-motor manifestations in PD patients. No comprehensive review has been conducted to assess risk factors for PDD. A systemic search for studies on PDD risk factors was performed. Cohort and case–control studies that clearly defined PDD and presented relevant data were included. The data were analyzed to generate a pooled effect size and 95 % confidence interval (CI). Publication bias was assessed using the Egger’s test and the Begg’s test. A systematic search was conducted and yielded 5195 articles. After screening, 25 studies were included in the current analysis. Development of PDD was positively associated with age (odds ratio [OR] 1.07, 95 % CI 1.03-1.13), male (OR 1.33, 95 % CI 1.08-1.64), higher Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III scores (relative risk [RR] 1.04, 95 % CI 1.01-1.07), hallucination (OR 2.47, 95 % CI 1.36-4.47), REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) (OR 8.38, 95 % CI 3.87-18.08), smoking (ever vs. never) (RR 1.93, 95 % CI 1.15-3.26) and hypertension (OR 1.57, 95 % CI 1.11-2.22). An inverse association was found between education (RR 0.94, 95 % CI 0.91-0.98) and PDD. Other reported factors, including age of onset, disease duration of PD, Hoehn and Yahr stage and diabetes mellitus were not significantly associated with PDD. Advanced age, male, higher UPDRS III scores, hallucination, RBD, smoking and hypertension increase the risk of PDD, whereas higher education is a protective factor for PDD.Keywords
This publication has 53 references indexed in Scilit:
- Clinical significance of REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson’s diseaseSleep Medicine, 2013
- Meta‐analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson diseaseAnnals of Neurology, 2012
- Relationship Between Education and DementiaAlzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 2011
- MDS task force on mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: Critical review of PD‐MCIMovement Disorders, 2011
- Incidence of and risk factors for cognitive impairment in an early Parkinson disease clinical trial cohortNeurology, 2009
- Hyperhomocysteinemia in levodopa‐treated patients with Parkinson's disease dementiaMovement Disorders, 2009
- Motor subtype and cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's disease with dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodiesJournal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 2006
- Measuring inconsistency in meta-analysesBMJ, 2003
- Risk Factors for Dementia in Parkinson's Disease: Effect of EducationNeuroepidemiology, 1995
- Meta-analysis in clinical trialsControlled Clinical Trials, 1986