Incidence of and risk factors for cognitive impairment in an early Parkinson disease clinical trial cohort
- 3 November 2009
- journal article
- Published by Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) in Neurology
- Vol. 73 (18), 1469-1477
- https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181bf992f
Abstract
To investigate the incidence of and risk factors for cognitive impairment in a large, well-defined clinical trial cohort of patients with early Parkinson disease (PD). The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was administered periodically over a median follow-up period of 6.5 years to participants in the Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Parkinsonism trial and its extension studies. Cognitive impairment was defined as scoring 2 standard deviations below age- and education-adjusted MMSE norms. Cumulative incidence of cognitive impairment in the 740 participants with clinically confirmed PD (baseline age 61.0 +/- 9.6 years, Hoehn-Yahr stage 1-2.5) was 2.4% (95% confidence interval: 1.2%-3.5%) at 2 years and 5.8% (3.7%-7.7%) at 5 years. Subjects who developed cognitive impairment (n = 46) showed significant progressive decline on neuropsychological tests measuring verbal learning and memory, visuospatial working memory, visuomotor speed, and attention, while the performance of the nonimpaired subjects (n = 694) stayed stable. Cognitive impairment was associated with older age, hallucinations, male gender, increased symmetry of parkinsonism, increased severity of motor impairment (except for tremor), speech and swallowing impairments, dexterity loss, and presence of gastroenterologic/urologic disorders at baseline. The relatively low incidence of cognitive impairment in the Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Parkinsonism study may reflect recruitment bias inherent to clinical trial volunteers (e.g., younger age) or limitations of the Mini-Mental State Examination-based criterion. Besides confirming known risk factors for cognitive impairment, we identified potentially novel predictors such as bulbar dysfunction and gastroenterologic/urologic disorders (suggestive of autonomic dysfunction) early in the course of the disease.This publication has 40 references indexed in Scilit:
- Detecting Dementia With the Mini-Mental State Examination in Highly Educated IndividualsArchives of Neurology, 2008
- On the structure of motor symptoms of Parkinson's diseaseMovement Disorders, 2008
- The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale: Validation study of the mentation, behavior, and mood sectionMovement Disorders, 2007
- Dysautonomia and cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's diseaseMovement Disorders, 2007
- Effects of intraoperative hypothermia on neuropsychological outcomes after intracranial aneurysm surgeryAnnals of Neurology, 2006
- Combined effect of age and severity on the risk of dementia in Parkinson's diseaseAnnals of Neurology, 2002
- Normative Data for a Six-Trial Administration of the Verbal Selective Reminding TestThe Clinical Neuropsychologist, 2000
- Comparisons of therapeutic effects of levodopa, levodopa and selegiline, and bromocriptine in patients with early, mild Parkinson's disease: three year interim report. Parkinson's Disease Research Group in the United Kingdom.BMJ, 1993
- Effects of Tocopherol and Deprenyl on the Progression of Disability in Early Parkinson's DiseaseThe New England Journal of Medicine, 1993
- Effect of Deprenyl on the Progression of Disability in Early Parkinson's DiseaseThe New England Journal of Medicine, 1989