Cell Wall Thickening Is Not a Universal Accompaniment of the Daptomycin Nonsusceptibility Phenotype in Staphylococcus aureus : Evidence for Multiple Resistance Mechanisms

Abstract

The mechanism(s) of daptomycin (DAP) resistance (DAP ^r ) is incompletely defined. Thickened cell walls (CWs) acting as either a mechanical barrier or an affinity trap for DAP have been purported to be a major contributor to the DAP ^r phenotype. To this end, we studied an isogenic set of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates (pulsotype USA 300) from the bloodstream of a DAP-treated patient with endocarditis in which serial strains exhibited increasing DAP ^r . Of interest, the DAP ^r isolate differed from its parental strain in several parameters, including acquisition of a point mutation within the putative synthase domain of the mprF gene in association with enhanced mprF expression, increased synthesis of lysyl-phosphotidylglycerol, an enhanced positive envelope charge, and reduced DAP surface binding. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed no significant increases in CW thickness in the two DAP ^r isolates (MRSA 11/21 and REF2145) compared with that in the DAP-susceptible (DAP ^s ) parental strain, MRSA 11/11. The rates of Triton X-100-induced autolysis were also identical for the strain set. Furthermore, among six additional clinically isolated DAP ^s /DAP ^r S. aureus strain pairs, only three DAP ^r isolates exhibited CWs significantly thicker than those of the respective DAP ^s parent. These data confirm that CW thickening is neither universal to DAP ^r S. aureus nor sufficient to yield the DAP ^r phenotype among S. aureus strains.