Regulation of autophagy by amino acids and MTOR-dependent signal transduction
Open Access
- 1 June 2014
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Springer Science and Business Media LLC in Amino Acids
- Vol. 47 (10), 2037-2063
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-014-1765-4
Abstract
Amino acids not only participate in intermediary metabolism but also stimulate insulin-mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR)-mediated signal transduction which controls the major metabolic pathways. Among these is the pathway of autophagy which takes care of the degradation of long-lived proteins and of the elimination of damaged or functionally redundant organelles. Proper functioning of this process is essential for cell survival. Dysregulation of autophagy has been implicated in the etiology of several pathologies. The history of the studies on the interrelationship between amino acids, MTOR signaling and autophagy is the subject of this review. The mechanisms responsible for the stimulation of MTOR-mediated signaling, and the inhibition of autophagy, by amino acids have been studied intensively in the past but are still not completely clarified. Recent developments in this field are discussed.Keywords
This publication has 277 references indexed in Scilit:
- mTOR complex 2-Akt signaling at mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAM) regulates mitochondrial physiologyProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013
- mTOR Signaling in Growth Control and DiseaseCell, 2012
- Leucyl-tRNA Synthetase Is an Intracellular Leucine Sensor for the mTORC1-Signaling PathwayCell, 2012
- The structure and allosteric regulation of mammalian glutamate dehydrogenaseArchives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2012
- Autophagy in Hypothalamic AgRP Neurons Regulates Food Intake and Energy BalanceCell Metabolism, 2011
- EGCG stimulates autophagy and reduces cytoplasmic HMGB1 levels in endotoxin-stimulated macrophagesBiochemical Pharmacology, 2011
- Amino Acid Signaling to mTOR Mediated by Inositol Polyphosphate MultikinaseCell Metabolism, 2011
- Ragulator-Rag Complex Targets mTORC1 to the Lysosomal Surface and Is Necessary for Its Activation by Amino AcidsCell, 2010
- Amino Acids Activate mTOR Complex 1 via Ca2+/CaM Signaling to hVps34Cell Metabolism, 2008
- AKT/PKB Signaling: Navigating DownstreamCell, 2007