Demographically corrected norms for African Americans and Caucasians on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised, Stroop Color and Word Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 64-Card Version
Top Cited Papers
- 4 May 2011
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Informa UK Limited in Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
- Vol. 33 (7), 793-804
- https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2011.559157
Abstract
Memory and executive functioning are two important components of clinical neuropsychological (NP) practice and research. Multiple demographic factors are known to affect performance differentially on most NP tests, but adequate normative corrections, inclusive of race/ethnicity, are not available for many widely used instruments. This study compared demographic contributions for widely used tests of verbal and visual learning and memory (Brief Visual Memory Test–Revised, Hopkins Verbal Memory Test–Revised) and executive functioning (Stroop Color and Word Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test–64) in groups of healthy Caucasians (n = 143) and African Americans (n = 103). Demographic factors of age, education, gender, and race/ethnicity were found to be significant factors on some indices of all four tests. The magnitude of demographic contributions (especially age) was greater for African Americans than for Caucasians on most measures. New, demographically corrected T-score formulas were calculated for each race/ethnicity. The rates of NP impairment using previously published normative standards significantly overestimated NP impairment in African Americans. Utilizing the new demographic corrections developed and presented herein, NP impairment rates were comparable between the two race/ethnicities and were unrelated to the other demographic characteristics (age, education, gender) in either race/ethnicity group. Findings support the need to consider extended demographic contributions to neuropsychological test performance in clinical and research settings.Keywords
This publication has 21 references indexed in Scilit:
- Literacy-based normative data for low socioeconomic status African AmericansThe Clinical Neuropsychologist, 2008
- Characterizing and Explaining Differences in Cognitive Test Performance Between African American and European American Older AdultsExperimental Aging Research, 2007
- Race-specific norms: Using the model of hypertension to understand issues of race, culture, and education in neuropsychologyArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2007
- Demographically corrected norms for the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-revised and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-revised in monolingual Spanish speakers from the U.S.–Mexico border regionArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2007
- Race, Race-Based Discrimination, and Health Outcomes Among African AmericansAnnual Review of Psychology, 2007
- The 50 and 100-Item Short Forms of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT): Demographically Corrected Norms and Comparisons with the Full PASAT in Normal and Clinical SamplesJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 2003
- Demographically Corrected Norms for the California Verbal Learning TestJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 2000
- Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1995
- Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1995
- Regression Using Fractional Polynomials of Continuous Covariates: Parsimonious Parametric ModellingJournal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C: Applied Statistics, 1994