Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus and associated risk behaviours: a population-based study in San Juan, Puerto Rico

Abstract

Background Limited information about the epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is available in Puerto Rico, one of the areas hardest hit by the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic. We estimated the prevalence of HCV infection and identified correlates of seropositivity in the municipality of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Methods A probability cluster design was employed to select a sample of households representative of the population aged 21–64 years in San Juan during 2001–2002. All 964 subjects completed a face-to-face interview to gather data on demographics and self-reported risk behaviours followed by venipuncture for HCV antibody testing. Variables that were at least marginally associated with HCV seroprevalence (P < 0.10) in the bivariate analyses were considered for inclusion into the multiple logistic regression model to estimate the adjusted prevalence odds ratio (POR). Results Overall weighted prevalence of HCV infection was 6.3% (95% CI 3.6–10.9%). A significant (P < 0.05) higher prevalence was observed among subjects with the following characteristics: age 30–49 (9.5%), male sex (10.6%), ≤12 years of education (9.6%), no health coverage (12.6%), lifetime heroin use (39.2%), lifetime cocaine use (39.6%), tattooing practices (34.2%), history of imprisonment (32.8%), and self-reported histories of hepatitis B virus infection (30.4%) and HIV/AIDS (92.1%). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that tattooing practices (POR = 8.9; 95% CI 1.7–44.7), lifetime cocaine use (POR = 5.5; 95% CI 2.2–13.5), blood transfusions prior to 1992 (POR = 4.0; 95% CI 1.6–10.1), lifetime heroin use (POR = 3.3; 95% CI 1.4–7.8), and history of imprisonment (POR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.1–4.9) remained significantly associated with HCV seropositivity. Conclusions The large prevalence of HCV infection observed in Puerto Rican adults residing in San Juan suggest that HCV infection is an emerging public health concern and merits further investigation.