Review:Thromboses among HIV-Infected Patients during the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era
- 1 October 2008
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Mary Ann Liebert Inc in AIDS Patient Care and STDs
- Vol. 22 (10), 771-778
- https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2008.0010
Abstract
Venous thrombotic events (VTEs) may occur at higher rates among patients with HIV; some studies suggest that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may increase the risk for these potentially life-threatening events. We performed a retrospective study among patients with HIV to evaluate the incidence and risk factors for VTEs during the HAART era. A literature review was performed examining VTEs in the pre- and post-HAART eras. Seventeen (3.7%) of 465 patients with HIV experienced a VTE. The overall incidence rate of deep VTEs among HIV-positive persons was 377 cases per 100,000 person–years, a fourfold higher rate compared to age-matched males in the general population. The median age at VTE was 36 years (range, 27–68). Patients with a thrombosis compared to those without had significantly lower current CD4 (153 versus 520 cells/mm3, p < 0.001) and nadir (76 versus 276 cells/mm3, p < 0.001) CD4 counts, higher viral loads (3.6 versus 1.7 log10 copies per milliliter, p = 0.003), and more likely to have a diagnosis of AIDS (76% versus 32%, p < 0.001); there were no differences in demographics, hyperlipidemia, current use of HAART, the duration of HAART or protease inhibitor (PI) exposure. A review of the literature noted 129 VTE cases; mean age was 40 years, mean CD4 count was 181 cells/mm3, the majority of patients were not receiving HAART, and the most common risk factor was an ongoing infection. Thrombotic events are occurring among patients with HIV despite their relatively young ages. Advanced HIV disease is a risk factor for development of thromboses, possibly due to an increased inflammatory state or the presence of concurrent comorbidities such as infections. HAART or PI therapy does not appear to play a significant role in the occurrence of VTEs.Keywords
This publication has 100 references indexed in Scilit:
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acute Deep Vein ThrombosesClinical and Applied Thrombosis/hemostasis, 2008
- Class of Antiretroviral Drugs and the Risk of Myocardial InfarctionNew England Journal of Medicine, 2007
- Absolute risk of venous and arterial thrombosis in HIV‐infected patients and effects of combination antiretroviral therapyJournal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 2006
- HIV Infection Is a Risk Factor for Venous ThromboembolismAIDS Patient Care and STDs, 2002
- Antiphospolipid Syndrome in HIV Infection - Report on Four Cases and Review of LiteratureAllergy & Clinical Immunology International - Journal of the World Allergy Organization, 2001
- RING RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL WINDOW DEFECT OF THE MACULA IN CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHYRetina, 1997
- Picture Resembling Hemicentral Retinal Vein Occlusion in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Is It Related to Cytomegalovirus ?Ophthalmologica, 1996
- Central Retinal Vein Occlusion in a Middle-Aged Adult with HIV InfectionOptometry and Vision Science, 1992
- Case Report: Venous Thromboembolism in AIDSThe American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1992
- Immunotherapy for Allergy to Insect StingsNew England Journal of Medicine, 1991