Extreme homeopathic dilutions retain starting materials: A nanoparticulate perspective
- 1 October 2010
- journal article
- Published by Georg Thieme Verlag KG in Homeopathy
- Vol. 99 (4), 231-242
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.homp.2010.05.006
Abstract
Homeopathy is controversial because medicines in high potencies such as 30c and 200c involve huge dilution factors (10(60) and 10(400) respectively) which are many orders of magnitude greater than Avogadro's number, so that theoretically there should be no measurable remnants of the starting materials. No hypothesis which predicts the retention of properties of starting materials has been proposed nor has any physical entity been shown to exist in these high potency medicines. Using market samples of metal-derived medicines from reputable manufacturers, we have demonstrated for the first time by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction and chemical analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), the presence of physical entities in these extreme dilutions, in the form of nanoparticles of the starting metals and their aggregates. Homeopathy (2010) 99, 231-242Keywords
Funding Information
- Industrial Research and Consultancy Center (IRCC), IIT Bombay
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