Glycerol Monolaurate and Dodecylglycerol Effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 In Vitro and In Vivo
Open Access
- 19 October 2009
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Public Library of Science (PLoS) in PLOS ONE
- Vol. 4 (10), e7499
- https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007499
Abstract
Glycerol monolaurate (GML), a 12 carbon fatty acid monoester, inhibits Staphylococcus aureus growth and exotoxin production, but is degraded by S. aureus lipase. Therefore, dodecylglycerol (DDG), a 12 carbon fatty acid monoether, was compared in vitro and in vivo to GML for its effects on S. aureus growth, exotoxin production, and stability. Antimicrobial effects of GML and DDG (0 to 500 µg/ml) on 54 clinical isolates of S. aureus, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types USA200, USA300, and USA400, were determined in vitro. A rabbit Wiffle ball infection model assessed GML and DDG (1 mg/ml instilled into the Wiffle ball every other day) effects on S. aureus (MN8) growth (inoculum 3×108 CFU/ml), toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) production, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations and mortality over 7 days. DDG (50 and 100 µg/ml) inhibited S. aureus growth in vitro more effectively than GML (pS. aureus growth. GML-treated (4 of 5; 80%) and DDG-treated rabbits (2 of 5; 40%) survived after 7 days. Control rabbits (5 of 5; 100%) succumbed by day 4. GML suppressed TNF-α at the infection site on day 7; however, DDG did not (S. aureus lipase and inhibited S. aureus growth at lower concentrations than GML in vitro. However, in vivo GML was more effective than DDG by reducing mortality, and suppressing TNF-α, S. aureus growth and exotoxin production, which may reduce toxic shock syndrome. GML is proposed as a more effective anti-staphylococcal topical anti-infective candidate than DDG, despite its potential degradation by S. aureus lipase.This publication has 44 references indexed in Scilit:
- Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Collected in 2005 and 2006 from Patients with Invasive Disease: a Population-Based AnalysisJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 2009
- Surfactants, Aromatic and Isoprenoid Compounds, and Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors Suppress Staphylococcus aureus Production of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2009
- Glycerol monolaurate prevents mucosal SIV transmissionNature, 2009
- The Staphylococcus aureus Response to Unsaturated Long Chain Free Fatty Acids: Survival Mechanisms and Virulence ImplicationsPLOS ONE, 2009
- Glycerol Monolaurate Does Not Alter Rhesus Macaque ( Macaca mulatta ) Vaginal Lactobacilli and Is Safe for Chronic UseAntimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2008
- Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Nasal Cultures Collected from Individuals in the United States in 2001 to 2004Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2008
- Pathogenesis of Methicillin‐ResistantStaphylococcus aureusInfectionClinical Infectious Diseases, 2008
- Chitosan Malate Inhibits Growth and Exotoxin Production of Toxic Shock Syndrome-Inducing Staphylococcus aureus Strains and Group A StreptococciAntimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2007
- Toxic Shock Syndrome in ChildrenPediatric Drugs, 2005
- Cleavage of Structural Proteins during the Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4Nature, 1970