Monte Carlo study of phase separation in aqueous protein solutions

Abstract

The binary liquid phase separation of aqueous solutions of γ‐crystallins is utilized to gain insight into the microscopic interactions between these proteins. The interactions are modeled by a square‐well potential with reduced range λ and depth ε. A comparison is made between the experimentally determined phase diagram and the results of a modified Monte Carlo procedure which combines simulations with analytic techniques. The simplicity and economy of the procedure make it practical to investigate the effect on the phase diagram of an essentially continuous variation of λ in the domain 1.05≤λ≤2.40. The coexistence curves are calculated and are in good agreement with the information available from previous standard Monte Carlo simulations conducted at a few specific values of λ. Analysis of the experimental data for the critical volume fractions of the γ‐crystallins permits the determination of the actual range of interaction appropriate for these proteins. A comparison of the experimental and calculated widths of the coexistence curves suggests a significant contribution from anisotropy in the real interaction potential of the γ‐crystallins. The dependence of the critical volume fraction φ c and the reduced critical energy ε̂ c upon the reduced range λ is also analyzed in the context of two ‘‘limiting’’ cases; mean field theory (λ→∞) and the Baxter adhesive sphere model (λ→1). Mean field theory fails to describe both the value of φ c and the width of the coexistence curve of the γ‐crystallins. This is consistent with the observation that mean field is no longer applicable when λ≤1.65. In the opposite case, λ→1, the critical parameters are obtained for ranges much shorter than those investigated in the literature. This allows a reliable determination of the critical volume fraction in the adhesive sphere limit, φ c (λ=1)=0.266±0.009.