Pulmonary Hypertension in a GTP-Cyclohydrolase 1–Deficient Mouse

Abstract

Background— GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 (GTP-CH1) catalyzes the first step for the de novo production of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH ₄ ), a cofactor for nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The hyperphenylalaninemic mutant mouse (hph-1) displays a 90% reduction in GTP-CH1 activity. Reduced BH ₄ decreases NOS activity and may lead to endothelial dysfunction, and there is increasing evidence that a dysfunction of the NOS pathway may be implicated in pulmonary hypertension. The aim of the study was to investigate whether reduced BH ₄ in the hph-1 mouse results in a pulmonary hypertensive phenotype. Methods and Results— Morphological characterization of the heart, lung, and kidney and measurements of systemic and right ventricular blood pressures were performed in both hph-1 and wild-type mice. BH ₄ and NO _x levels were also measured. Hph-1 mice had significantly lower NO _x and BH ₄ levels, consistent with previous findings. Both morphological and in vivo data were indicative of a pulmonary but not systemic hypertensive phenotype. We observed increased right ventricle–left ventricle plus septum ratios attributable only to an increase in right ventricular mass, increased smooth muscle medial area in pulmonary resistance vessels, and significantly higher right ventricular pressures in vivo. There were no significant differences between left ventricular masses and systemic pressures, and there was no observed evidence of systemic hypertension in kidney sections between wild-type and hph-1. Conclusions— This study demonstrates that mice deficient in GTP-CH1/BH ₄ display a pulmonary hypertensive but not systemic hypertensive phenotype.