Sex Modifies Acute Ozone-Mediated Airway Physiologic Responses

Abstract

Sex differences clearly exist in incidence, susceptibility, and severity of airway disease and in pulmonary responses to air pollutants such as ozone (O₃). Prior rodent O₃ exposure studies demonstrate sex-related differences in the expression of lung inflammatory mediators and signaling. However, whether or not sex modifies O₃-induced airway physiologic responses remains less explored. To address this, we exposed 8- to 10-week-old male and female C57BL/6 mice to either 1 or 2 ppm O₃ or filtered air (FA) for 3 h. At 12, 24, 48, and 72 h following exposure, we assessed airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine (MCh), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cellularity, cytokines and total protein/albumin, serum progesterone, and whole lung immune cells by flow cytometry. Male mice generated consistent airway hyperresponsiveness to MCh at all time points following exposure. Alternatively, females had less consistent airway physiologic responses to MCh, which were more variable between individual experiments and did not correlate with serum progesterone levels. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid total cells peaked at 12 h and were persistently elevated through 72 h. At 48 h, bronchoalveolar lavage cells were greater in females versus males. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokines and total protein/albumin increased following O₃ exposure without sex differences. Flow cytometry of whole lung tissue identified dynamic O₃-induced immune cell changes also independent of sex. Our results indicate sex differences in acute O₃-induced airway physiology responses and airspace influx without significant difference in other injury and inflammation measures. This study highlights the importance of considering sex as a biological variable in acute O₃-induced airway physiology responses.