Respiratory Colonization and Short-Term Temporal Changes in the Urinary Metabolome of Children
Open Access
- 30 July 2021
- journal article
- research article
- Published by MDPI AG in Metabolites
- Vol. 11 (8), 500
- https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11080500
Abstract
The human metabolome may vary based on age, over time, and in the presence of viral carriage and bacterial colonization—a common scenario in children. We used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify and quantify urinary metabolites of children without signs or symptoms of respiratory illness. A urine sample and two nasopharyngeal swabs were collected to test for respiratory viral pathogens and colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp). Urine samples were collected at the initial visit, 24 h post-enrollment, and 10–14 days post-enrollment. Of the 122 children enrolled, 24% had a virus detected and 19.7% had Sp detected. Intraclass correlation coefficients demonstrated greater within-subject versus between-subject variability for all metabolites detected. In linear mixed models adjusted for age, time, history of asthma, Sp, and viruses, 1-methylnicotinamide was increased by 50% in children with Sp and decreased by 35% in children with rhinovirus/enterovirus. Children with Sp had 83% higher levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide compared with those without Sp. However, when adjusting for multiple comparisons, the association was no longer statistically significant. In conclusion, there appear to be short-term changes within the urinary metabolome of healthy children, but levels of metabolites did not statistically differ in children with viral carriage or Sp detected.Keywords
Funding Information
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (K01 AI125413, K23 AI 121325)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM111400)
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