The Consumption of Milk and Dairy Foods and the Incidence of Vascular Disease and Diabetes: An Overview of the Evidence
Top Cited Papers
Open Access
- 16 April 2010
- Vol. 45 (10), 925-939
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-010-3412-5
Abstract
The health effects of milk and dairy food consumption would best be determined in randomised controlled trials. No adequately powered trial has been reported and none is likely because of the numbers required. The best evidence comes, therefore, from prospective cohort studies with disease events and death as outcomes. Medline was searched for prospective studies of dairy food consumption and incident vascular disease and Type 2 diabetes, based on representative population samples. Reports in which evaluation was in incident disease or death were selected. Meta‐analyses of the adjusted estimates of relative risk for disease outcomes in these reports were conducted. Relevant case–control retrospective studies were also identified and the results are summarised in this article. Meta‐analyses suggest a reduction in risk in the subjects with the highest dairy consumption relative to those with the lowest intake: 0.87 (0.77, 0.98) for all‐cause deaths, 0.92 (0.80, 0.99) for ischaemic heart disease, 0.79 (0.68, 0.91) for stroke and 0.85 (0.75, 0.96) for incident diabetes. The number of cohort studies which give evidence on individual dairy food items is very small, but, again, there is no convincing evidence of harm from consumption of the separate food items. In conclusion, there appears to be an enormous mis‐match between the evidence from long‐term prospective studies and perceptions of harm from the consumption of dairy food items.Keywords
This publication has 62 references indexed in Scilit:
- Dairy Foods and Risk of StrokeEpidemiology, 2009
- Dietary calcium and magnesium intakes and the risk of type 2 diabetes: the Shanghai Women’s Health StudyThe American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009
- Incident Heart Failure Is Associated with Lower Whole-Grain Intake and Greater High-Fat Dairy and Egg Intake in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) StudyJournal of the American Dietetic Association, 2008
- Dietary Calcium Intake and Risks of Stroke, Its Subtypes, and Coronary Heart Disease in JapaneseStroke, 2008
- Milk and dairy consumption, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: the Caerphilly prospective studyJournal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2007
- Dietary Calcium and Magnesium, Major Food Sources, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in U.S. Black WomenDiabetes Care, 2006
- Dietary Intake of Calcium in Relation to Mortality From Cardiovascular DiseaseStroke, 2006
- Associations of Dietary Protein with Disease and Mortality in a Prospective Study of Postmenopausal WomenAmerican Journal of Epidemiology, 2005
- Effect of Dietary Calcium and Milk Consumption on Risk of Thromboembolic Stroke in Older Middle-aged MenStroke, 1996
- Milk consumption, calcium intake, and decreased hypertension in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico Heart Health Program study.Hypertension, 1984