Both counseling and supervision of counseling are seen as complex learning situations that may be analyzed from the standpoint of an experiential learning model. This perspective-based on the work of David Kolb-identifies four modes of experience, each of which is involved in an experiential learning cycle. These modes of experience-Concrete Experience (CE), Reflective Observation (RO), Abstract Conceptualization (AC), and Active Experimentation (AE)-must all be accessible to the learner (client or student counselor) for optimum functioning. An analysis of clinical dialogue between client and counselor and between counselor-in-training and supervisor is used to demonstrate that effective counseling and supervision demands that all four modes of experience be available to the clinician and that treatment be seen as making these modes available to the client.