Crystallization Kinetics of Organic–Inorganic Trihalide Perovskites and the Role of the Lead Anion in Crystal Growth
Top Cited Papers
- 9 February 2015
- journal article
- Published by American Chemical Society (ACS) in Journal of the American Chemical Society
- Vol. 137 (6), 2350-2358
- https://doi.org/10.1021/ja512117e
Abstract
Methylammonium lead halide perovskite solar cells continue to excite the research community due to their rapidly increasing performance which, in large part, is due to improvements in film morphology. The next step in this progression is control of the crystal morphology which requires a better fundamental understanding of the crystal growth. In this study we use in situ X-ray scattering data to study isothermal transformations of perovskite films derived from chloride, iodide, nitrate, and acetate lead salts. Using established models we determine the activation energy for crystallization and find that it changes as a function of the lead salt. Further analysis enabled determination of the precursor composition and showed that the primary step in perovskite formation is removal of excess organic salt from the precursor. This understanding suggests that careful choice of the lead salt will aid in controlling crystal growth, leading to superior films and better performing solar cells.Funding Information
- Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0010560)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- European Research Council
- National Research Foundation-Prime Minister's office, Republic of Singapore
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