In this chapter, we discuss three forms of learning during anesthesia: explicit or conscious recall; implicit or unconscious memory (as manifested by performance on indirect tests of memory); and unconscious memory (as manifested by responses to behavioral or therapeutic suggestions administered during anesthesia). We start with a brief discussion of explicit or conscious recall, followed by a discussion of the distinction between the explicit and implicit memory systems. We then review published studies of unconscious memory in the three categories specified above and conclude with remarks about the interpretation of the current literature and directions for future studies in this area. For lack of space, this review is not exhaustive, although it does accurately reflect the state of the literature at the time of writing.