Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone Residues in Eggs of Laying Hens Fed with a Naturally Contaminated Diet: Effects on Egg Production and Estimation of Transmission Rates from Feed to Eggs

Abstract

The potential for the Fusarium mycotoxins 4-deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) to enter the human food chain through contaminated eggs was assessed using a controlled feed study. Four groups of laying hens (eight in each group) were fed a diet that included differing amounts of naturally contaminated wheat containing DON (≈20 mg kg^-1) and ZON (0.5 mg kg^-1). Eggs were collected and pooled from each group on a daily basis. Pooled samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS/MS). The method allowed DON, other type B trichothecenes, ZON, and its metabolites to be determined in a single multi-residue analysis. The selectivity of the MS/MS procedure allowed cleanup to be minimized (for DON, cleanup by immunoaffinity column was used) or eliminated (for ZON). The limits of detection of 0.01 μg kg^-1 for DON and 0.1 μg kg^-1 for ZON in eggs were lower than previously published methods. None of the samples analyzed had detectable levels of ZON or its metabolites. Although maximum levels of DON contamination (10 mg kg^-1 feed) were relatively high, no adverse effects were observed on egg production. On the basis of the determined DON levels in the hen's diet and the determined levels of DON in the corresponding eggs, transmission rates of 15 000:1, 18 000:1, and 29 000:1 for treatment levels 5, 7.5, and 10 mg DON kg^-1 feed, respectively, were found. These results show that, although eggs could be a human exposure route for DON, the levels are insignificant compared to the other sources, although the presence of metabolites of DON was not studied. Keywords: Deoxynivalenol; Zearalenone; Fusarium mycotoxins; LC-MS/MS method; eggs; laying hens; transmission rate