Diagnosis and the premotor phase of Parkinson disease
- 17 February 2009
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) in Neurology
- Vol. 72 (7_suppleme), S12-S20
- https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e318198db11
Abstract
Clinical, neuroimaging, and pathologic studies have provided data suggesting that a variety of nonmotor symptoms can precede the classic motor features of Parkinson disease (PD) by years and, perhaps, even decades. The period when these symptoms arise can be referred to as the “premotor phase” of the disease. Here, we review the evidence supporting the occurrence of olfactory dysfunction, dysautonomia, and mood and sleep disorders, in this premotor phase of PD. These symptoms are well known in established PD and when presenting early, in the premotor phase, should be potentially considered as an integral part of the disease process. Even though information on the premotor phase of PD is rapidly accumulating, the diagnosis of premotor PD remains elusive at this time. Should a safe and effective treatment with disease-modifying or neuroprotective potential in PD become available, identifying individuals in the premotor phase will become a serious priority.Keywords
This publication has 77 references indexed in Scilit:
- Risk factors for Parkinson's disease and impaired olfaction in relatives of patients with Parkinson's diseaseMovement Disorders, 2007
- Erectile Function and Risk of Parkinson's DiseaseAmerican Journal of Epidemiology, 2007
- The impact of depressive symptoms in early Parkinson diseaseNeurology, 2007
- Parkinson's disease-like midbrain sonography abnormalities are frequent in depressive disordersBrain, 2007
- Orthostatic hypotension as an early finding in Parkinson’s diseaseClinical Autonomic Research, 2006
- Increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease for patients with major affective disorder: a register studyActa Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 2001
- A community‐based study of sleep disorders in patients with Parkinson's diseaseMovement Disorders, 1998
- Constipation in parkinson's disease: Objective assessment and response to psylliumMovement Disorders, 1997
- AGEING AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE: SUBSTANTIA NIGRA REGIONAL SELECTIVITYBrain, 1991
- Time course of nigrostriatal degeneration in parkinson's diseaseJournal of Neural Transmission, 1976