We have obtained carbon anode materials based on a melamine resin. Through elemental analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, BET measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the effects of heat-treatment temperature and doping of phosphorus were investigated. Temperature affects mainly the nitrogen content, the size of graphite crystallites and the number of micropores in the carbons, and thus their reversible capacity changes with temperature. The highest reversible capacity occurs at 600 °C. The addition of phosphoric acid can affect the carbon structure and relative content of graphene nitrogen. Its behaviour changes with temperature. Only at high temperature, can the doped phosphorus favour the enhancement of reversible capacity.