Chinese Alport syndrome (AS) was analyzed in 44 unrelated patients who were screened for mutations in the COL4A5 gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis or PCR direct sequencing in 30 of the 44 patients. The clinical data showed that all patients had hematuria; 25 of 29 male patients (86%) and 9 of 15 female patients (60%) had proteinuria; 11 of 29 male patients (38%) and 1 of 15 female patients (7%) had nephrotic-level proteinuria; 10 of 21 male patients examined (48%) and 1 of 12 female patients examined (8%) had hearing abnormalities. Renal function remained normal despite hearing abnormalities, and ocular lesions occurred in 10%. Among 30 of 44 patients who had a family history of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 80% (24/30) belonged to X-linked juvenile kindreds, and 20% (6/30) patients to adult kindreds. Of the 44 patients, 14 did not have a family history of ESRD, while 11 of 14 patients diagnosed with X-linked AS did. DNA analysis revealed four missense mutations, two silent mutations, one substitution, and one in-frame deletion. PCR along with Southern hybridization analysis revealed a large deletion of the paired COL4A5 and COL4A6 genes. Chinese AS patients were characterized clinically with hematuria, heavy proteinuria, and more juvenile forms. Mutations in these patients were usually small mutations, while a large deletion involving the 5′ part of both COL4A5 and COL4A6 genes was identified.