Metabolic pathways of trichothecenes
- 26 November 2009
- journal article
- Published by Taylor & Francis Ltd in Drug Metabolism Reviews
- Vol. 42 (2), 250-267
- https://doi.org/10.3109/03602530903125807
Abstract
Trichothecenes are a group of mycotoxins mainly produced by the fungi of Fusarium genus. Consumers are particularly concerned over the toxicity and food safety of trichothecenes and their metabolites from food-producing animals. The metabolism of T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon-X (FX), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), 3-acetyldeoxy-nivalenol (3-aDON), and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-aDON) in rodents, swine, ruminants, poultry, and humans are reviewed in this article. Metabolic pathways of these mycotoxins are very different. The major metabolic pathways of T-2 toxin in animals are hydrolysis, hydroxylation, de-epoxidation, and conjugation. After being transformed to HT-2 toxin, it undergoes further hydroxylation at C-3’ to yield 3’-hydroxy-HT-2 toxin, which is considered as an activation pathway, whereas transformation from T-2 to T-2 tetraol is an inactivation pathway in animals. The typical metabolites of T-2 toxin in animals are HT-2 toxin, T-2 triol, T-2 tetraol, neosolaniol (NEO), 3’-hydroxy-HT-2, and 3’-hydroxy-T-2, whereas HT-2 toxin is the main metabolite in humans. De-epoxidation is an important pathway for detoxification in animals. De-epoxy products, DOM-1, and de-epoxy-NIV are the main metabolites of DON and NIV in most animals, respectively. However, the two metabolites are not found in humans. Deacetyl can occur rapidly on the acetyl derivatives, 3-aDON, 15-aDON, and FX. DAS is metabolized in animals to 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (15-MAS) via C-4 deacetylation and then transformed to scirpentriol (SCP) via C-15 deacetylation. Finally, the epoxy is lost, yielding de-epoxy-SCP. De-epoxy-15-MAS is also the main metabolite of DAS. 15-MAS is the main metabolite in human skin. The review on the metabolism of trichothecenes will help one to well understand the fate of these toxins’ future in animals and humans, as well as provide basic information for the risk assessment of them for food safety.Keywords
This publication has 71 references indexed in Scilit:
- Effects of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on oxidative stress and blood phagocytic activity in broilersArchives of Animal Nutrition, 2008
- Fusariotoxin transfer in animalFood and Chemical Toxicology, 2006
- Murine lymphocyte proliferation impaired by substituted neosolaniols and calonectrins—Fusarium metabolites associated with trichothecene biosynthesisToxicon, 1991
- Mouth Lesions in Broiler Chickens Caused by Scirpenol MycotoxinsPoultry Science, 1991
- Metabolism of T-2 toxin in vascularly autoperfused jejunal loops of ratsToxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 1988
- Pharmacokinetics of the trichothecene mycotoxin, T-2 toxin, in swine and cattleToxicon, 1986
- Disposition of T-2 toxin, a trichothecene mycotoxin, in intravascularly dosed swineJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1986
- Deepoxy T-2 tetraol: a metabolite of T-2 toxin found in cow urineJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1986
- Production of deepoxydeoxynivalenol (DOM-1), a metabolite of deoxynivalenol, by in vitro rumen incubationJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1986
- Glucuronide conjugates of T-2 toxin and metabolites in swine bile and urineJournal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1985