Halitosis: an overview of epidemiology, etiology and clinical management
Open Access
- 1 October 2011
- journal article
- review article
- Published by FapUNIFESP (SciELO) in Brazilian Oral Research
- Vol. 25 (5), 466-471
- https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242011000500015
Abstract
Halitosis is an unpleasant condition that causes social restraint. Studies worldwide indicate a high prevalence of moderate halitosis, whereas severe cases are restricted to around 5% of the populations. The etiological chain of halitosis relates to the presence of odoriferous substances in exhaled air, especially the volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) produced by bacteria. The organoleptic diagnosis is the gold standard and clinical management includes oral approaches, especially periodontal treatment and oral hygiene instructions, including the tongue. When oral strategies are not successful, referral to physicians is warrantedKeywords
This publication has 22 references indexed in Scilit:
- Comparison of the Use of the Halimeter and the Oral Chroma™ in the Assessment of the Ability of Common Cultivable Oral Anaerobic Bacteria to Produce Malodorous Volatile Sulfur Compounds from Cysteine and MethionineMedical Principles and Practice, 2010
- Oral Malodor and Related Factors in Japanese Senior High School StudentsJournal of School Health, 2010
- Relationship between Oral Malodor and the Global Composition of Indigenous Bacterial Populations in SalivaApplied and Environmental Microbiology, 2010
- Relationship between the β-galactosidase activity in saliva and parameters associated with oral malodorJournal of Breath Research, 2010
- Characteristics of 2000 patients who visited a halitosis clinicJournal of Clinical Periodontology, 2009
- Prevalence of halitosis in the population of the city of Bern, Switzerland:European Journal of Oral Sciences, 2009
- Prevalence of Halitosis in Young Male Adults: A Study in Swiss Army Recruits Comparing Self-Reported and Clinical DataThe Journal of Periodontology, 2009
- Diversity of Bacterial Populations on the Tongue Dorsa of Patients with Halitosis and Healthy PatientsJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 2003
- Microbiology and treatment of halitosisPeriodontology 2000, 2002
- Correlation Between Volatile Sulphur Compounds and Certain Oral Health Measurements in the General PopulationThe Journal of Periodontology, 1995