A new bat?fly family from New Zealand (Diptera: Mystacinobiidae)

Abstract

Mystacinobia zelandica n.sp. is described. It is the sole member of Mystacinobia new genus and of Mystacinobiidae new family, and belongs to the superfamily Drosophiloidea. The species lives in large communities in roosts of the New Zealand short‐tailed bat, Mystacina tuberculata, and requires temperatures around 30°c for development and survival. Adults are physogastric, apterous, and have reduced eyes. The claws are adapted for movement over bat fur, but the mouthparts are not modified for blood‐feeding. Adults and larvae feed on guano. Eggs are laid in clusters in roost wood, and have non‐functional respiratory horns. Larvae have elongate anterior spiracles, tubular posterior spiracles, and 5 pairs of anal papillae. The puparium has a reduced operculum. Dispersal to new roosts depends entirely on transport by Mystacina, and as many as 10 phoretic flies have been found embedded in fur of individual bats leaving a roost to feed at night. The species has reached a degree of sociality which includes group oviposition, partial overlapping of generations, clustering of all stages, mutual grooming, male polymorphism, and extension of the males’ life‐span beyond the reproductive phase to form a sound‐producing guard caste which probably prevents the bats from interfering with the bat‐fly community. Mystacinobia zelandica is part of the New Zealand Endemic (Archaic) Element, which also includes Mystacina tuberculata.