American = White?
Top Cited Papers
- 1 January 2005
- journal article
- Published by American Psychological Association (APA) in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Vol. 88 (3), 447-466
- https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.447
Abstract
Six studies investigated the extent to which American ethnic groups (African, Asian, and White) are associated with the category "American." Although strong explicit commitments to egalitarian principles were expressed in Study 1, Studies 2-6 consistently revealed that both African and Asian Americans as groups are less associated with the national category "American" than are White Americans. Under some circumstances, a dissociation between mean levels of explicit beliefs and implicit responses emerged such that an ethnic minority was explicitly regarded to be more American than were White Americans, but implicit measures showed the reverse pattern (Studies 3 and 4). In addition, Asian American participants themselves showed the American = White effect, although African Americans did not (Study 5). The American = White association was positively correlated with the strength of national identity in White Americans. Together, these studies provide evidence that to be American is implicitly synonymous with being White.This publication has 55 references indexed in Scilit:
- The Ingroup as Pars Pro Toto: Projection From the Ingroup Onto the Inclusive Category as a Precursor to Social DiscriminationPersonality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2003
- Minority Members' Implicit Attitudes: Automatic Ingroup Bias As A Function Of Group StatusSocial Cognition, 2002
- Math = male, me = female, therefore math ≠ me.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2002
- Subgroup Prejudice Based on Skin Color Among Hispanics in the United States and Latin AmericaSocial Cognition, 2002
- Implicit associations as the seeds of intergroup bias: How easily do they take root?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001
- The effects of social category norms and stereotypes on explanations for intergroup differences.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001
- The Interface Between Ethnic and National Attachment: Ethnic Pluralism or Ethnic Dominance?Public Opinion Quarterly, 1997
- Gender gaps: Who needs to be explained?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991
- Person Categorization and StereotypingSocial Cognition, 1990
- Are stereotypes of nationalities applied to both women and men?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1987