Controlling of CSFV in European wild boar using oral vaccination: a review
Open Access
- 23 October 2015
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Frontiers Media SA in Frontiers in Microbiology
- Vol. 6, 1141
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01141
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is among the most detrimental diseases for the swine industry worldwide. Infected wild boar populations can play a crucial role in CSF epidemiology and controlling wild reservoirs is of utmost importance for preventing domestic outbreaks. Oral mass vaccination (OMV) has been implemented to control CSF in wild boars and limit the spill over to domestic pigs. This retrospective overview of vaccination experiences illustrates the potential for that option. The C-strain live vaccine was confirmed to be highly efficacious and palatable baits were developed for oral delivery in free ranging wild boars. The first field trials were performed in Germany in the 1990’s and allowed deploying oral baits at a large scale. The delivery process was further improved during the 2000’s among different European countries. Optimal deployment has to be early regarding disease emergence and correctly designed regarding the landscape structure and the natural food sources that can compete with oral baits. OMV deployment is also highly dependent on a local veterinary support working closely with hunters, wildlife and forestry agencies. Vaccination has been the most efficient strategy for CSF control in free ranging wild boar when vaccination is wide spread and lasting for a sufficient period of time. Alternative disease control strategies such as intensified hunting or creating physical boundaries such as fences have been, in contrast, seldom satisfactory and reliable. However, monitoring outbreaks has been challenging during and after vaccination deployment since OMV results in a low probability to detect virus-positive animals and the live-vaccine currently available does not allow serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals. The development of a new marker vaccine and companion test is thus a promising option for better monitoring outbreaks during OMV deployment as well as help to better determine when to stop vaccination efforts. After rabies in red fox, the use of OMV against CSF in European wild boar can be considered as a second example of successful disease control in wildlife. The thirty years of disease control experience included in this review may provide options for improving future disease management within wild populations.This publication has 71 references indexed in Scilit:
- CP7_E2alf oral vaccination confers partial protection against early classical swine fever virus challenge and interferes with pathogeny-related cytokine responsesVeterinary Research, 2013
- Two newly developed Erns-based ELISAs allow the differentiation of Classical Swine Fever virus-infected from marker-vaccinated animals and the discrimination of pestivirus antibodiesVeterinary Microbiology, 2013
- Iophenoxic acid as a bait marker for wild mammals: efficacy and safety considerationsMammal Review, 2012
- Efficiency of spatio-temporal vaccination regimes in wildlife populations under different viral constraintsVeterinary Research, 2012
- Genetic differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals after implementation of an emergency vaccination strategy against classical swine fever in wild boarVeterinary Microbiology, 2011
- New Insights on the Management of Wildlife Diseases Using Multi-State Recapture Models: The Case of Classical Swine Fever in Wild BoarPLOS ONE, 2011
- Evaluation of baits for oral vaccination of European wild boar pigletsResearch in Veterinary Science, 2009
- How does hunting influence activity and spatial usage in wild boar Sus scrofa L.?European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2008
- Serosurveillance for selected infectious disease agents in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and outdoor pigs in SwitzerlandEuropean Journal of Wildlife Research, 2007
- Oral immunisation of wild boar against classical swine fever: uptake studies of new baits and investigations on the stability of lyophilised C-strain vaccineEuropean Journal of Wildlife Research, 2006