Natural History of Primary Epstein‐Barr Virus Infection in Children of Mothers Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Abstract

The natural history of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in 556 infants born to 517 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1—infected mothers was studied in a prospective, multi- center, cohort study. HIV-1—infected children had a cumulative EBV infection rate similar to HIV-1—uninfected children at age 3 years (77.8% vs. 84.9%) but had more frequent oropharyngeal EBV shedding (50.4% vs. 28.2%; P <.001). The probability of shedding decreased with longer time from EBV seroconversion and was similar to that of HIV-1-uninfected children 3 years after seroconversion. HIV-1—infected children identified as rapid progressors shed EBV more frequently than nonrapid progressors (69.4% vs.41.0%; P = .01). HIV-1-infected children with EBV infection had higher mean CD8 cell counts. EBV infection did not have an independent effect on mean CD4 cell counts, percent CD4, IgG levels, HIV-1 RNA levels, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, or splenomegaly. Early EBV infection is common in children born to HIV-1-infected mothers. Children with rapidly progressive HIV-1 disease have more frequent EBV shedding.