The past, present and future of cystoscopy: the fusion of cystoscopy and novel imaging technology
Open Access
- 15 October 2008
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Wiley in BJU International
- Vol. 102 (9b), 1228-1233
- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.07964.x
Abstract
Non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer is a frequent disease with many recurrences, making it a labour‐intensive and costly disease. In part, these frequent recurrences are due to inadequate diagnosis. Diagnostic reference standards to date are urinary cytology and cysto‐urethroscopy, but both standards have significant limitations. Urinary cytology is specific, but the sensitivity, especially for low‐grade tumours, is very low. Moreover, the reproducibility of cytology is low. However, cysto‐urethroscopy misses many tumours, especially flat carcinoma in situ, causing flaws in the initial diagnosis and treatment, i.e. transurethral resection. Therefore, new techniques are necessary to improve the detection of bladder cancer. Here we review the advantage and disadvantage of conventional white‐light and fluorescence‐based cystoscopy, and discuss novel endoscopic imaging techniques that are in the clinical and preclinical stage of development.Keywords
This publication has 51 references indexed in Scilit:
- The role of hexaminolevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy in bladder cancerNature Reviews Endocrinology, 2007
- Can an endocytoscope system (ECS) predict histology in neoplastic lesions?Endoscopy, 2007
- High-Definition and 3-dimensional Imaging of Macular Pathologies with High-speed Ultrahigh-Resolution Optical Coherence TomographyOphthalmology, 2006
- Real-time in vivo virtual histology of colorectal lesions when using the endocytoscopy systemGastrointestinal Endoscopy, 2006
- IMPROVED DETECTION AND TREATMENT OF BLADDER CANCER USING HEXAMINOLEVULINATE IMAGING: A PROSPECTIVE, PHASE III MULTICENTER STUDYJournal of Urology, 2005
- Evaluation of Superficial Bladder Transitional-Cell Carcinoma by Optical Coherence TomographyJournal of Endourology, 2005
- A Second-Look TUR in T1 Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Why?European Urology, 2004
- The use of Raman spectroscopy to identify and characterize transitional cell carcinoma in vitroBJU International, 2004
- Hexyl Aminolevulinate Fluorescence Cystoscopy: A New Diagnostic Tool for Photodiagnosis of Superficial Bladder Cancer—A multicenter studyJournal of Urology, 2003
- Optical Biopsy in Human Urologic Tissue Using Optical Coherence TomographyJournal of Urology, 1997