Hierarchical Controls, Professional Norms, Local Constituencies, and Budget Maximization: An Analysis of U.S. Forest Service Planning Decisions

Abstract

Theory: Multiple theories of bureaucratic behavior are integrated for this study. Hypotheses: Planning decisions made by the U.S. Forest Service are a function of hierarchical controls, bureaucratic conservatism, the professional/policy orientation of agency officials, the strength of local constituency groups, and officials' alleged desire to maximize budgets. Data: Output levels contained in a set of Forest-plan alternatives and a survey of the perceptions of approximately 1,090 agency officials involved in the planning process for a sample of 44 national forests. Results: Pressures for the status quo and the activities of local amenity coalitions were more important than hierarchical controls from Congress, OMB (Office of Management and Budget), and the national office of the U.S. Forest Service.