Hypoxia Promotes Tumor Growth in Linking Angiogenesis to Immune Escape
Open Access
- 1 January 2012
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Frontiers Media SA in Frontiers in Immunology
- Vol. 3, 21
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2012.00021
Abstract
Despite the impressive progress over the past decade, in the field of tumor immunology, such as the identification of tumor antigens and antigenic peptides as potential targets, there are still many obstacles in eliciting an effective immune response to eradicate cancer. It has become increasingly clear that tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in the control of immune protection and contains many overlapping mechanisms to evade antigen specific immunotherapy. Obviously, tumors have evolved to utilize hypoxic stress to their own advantage by activating key biochemical and cellular pathways that are important in progression, survival and metastasis. Among the hypoxia-induced genes, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) play a determinant role in promoting tumor cell growth and survival. In this regard, hypoxia is emerging as an attractive target for cancer therapy. How the microenvironmental hypoxia poses both obstacles and opportunities for new therapeutic immune interventions will be discussed.Keywords
This publication has 130 references indexed in Scilit:
- VHL and HIF signalling in renal cell carcinogenesisThe Journal of Pathology, 2010
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factors Regulate Tumorigenic Capacity of Glioma Stem CellsCancer Cell, 2009
- COX-2 expression and function in the hyperalgesic response to paw inflammation in miceProstaglandins, Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids, 2008
- HIF1α Induces the Recruitment of Bone Marrow-Derived Vascular Modulatory Cells to Regulate Tumor Angiogenesis and InvasionCancer Cell, 2008
- Biology of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α in development and diseaseCell Death & Differentiation, 2008
- Hypoxia and cancerJournal of Molecular Medicine, 2007
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factors, Stem Cells, and CancerCell, 2007
- AZD2171, a Pan-VEGF Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, Normalizes Tumor Vasculature and Alleviates Edema in Glioblastoma PatientsCancer Cell, 2007
- The role of tumour‐associated macrophages in tumour progression: implications for new anticancer therapiesThe Journal of Pathology, 2002
- Production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human tumors inhibits the functional maturation of dendritic cellsNature Medicine, 1996