Review from JAMA — Medical Treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis — ContextThe treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has changed markedly in the last 15 years. Many children with JIA are not treated by pediatric rheumatologists.ObjectiveTo review the best evidence for the treatment of JIA.Data SourcesEnglish-language trials of JIA between 1966 and 2005 were searched using MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane database, and abstracts from recent rheumatology and pediatric scientific meetings.Study SelectionRandomized controlled trials and open studies including at least 10 patients for medications without controlled trials.Data ExtractionFor studies after 1997, the American College of Rheumatology Pediatric 30 outcome measure was used to define patients as responders. For older studies, the primary response outcome measure defined by the authors was used.Data SynthesisThirty-four controlled studies were identified. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are effective only for a minority of patients, mainly those with oligoarthritis. Intra-articular corticosteroid injections are very effective for oligoarthritis. Methotrexate is effective for the treatment of extended oligoarthritis and polyarthritis and less effective for systemic arthritis. Sulfasalazine and leflunomide may be alternatives to methotrexate. Antitumor necrosis factor medications are highly effective for polyarticular course JIA not responsive to methotrexate but are less effective in systemic arthritis. There is a lack of evidence for the optimal treatment of systemic and enthesitis-related arthritis.ConclusionsDespite many advances in the treatment of JIA, there is still a lack of evidence for treatment of several disease subtypes. The treatment plan needs to be individualized based on the JIA subtype.