Explaining Differences in Acceptance Determinants Toward Congestion Charging Policies in Indonesia and Japan

Abstract

Comprehensive stated choice (SC) experiments were conducted in Jakarta, Indonesia, and Nagoya, Japan, where proposals for congestion charges have been introduced and remain under consideration as a way to reduce acute car dependence, particularly in Jakarta. Causal paths among psychological determinants and their strengths are measured and analyzed along with proposal acceptability from a cross-country perspective based on the similar context of the SC experiments. The findings from analysis with a multiple-sample, multiple-indicator, multiple-cause (MS-MIMIC) model show that a number of psychological determinants provide an explanation for the acceptability of the proposed scheme in both cities. Psychological motivations, including awareness of the city’s environment and awareness of the problem of cars in society, appear to be the most important direct determinants leading to recognition of the effects of a congestion charging scheme and they are indirect determinants of policy acceptance in both cities. However, the proposed scheme is found to be more correct and acceptable in Jakarta. Findings from analysis further discloses that Nagoya is slightly more car dependent than Jakarta even though congestion is recognized worse in Jakarta. The effect of the specific measure indicator trust in government policy on the perception of correct and acceptable policies is investigated, revealing a negative determinant for Nagoya and vice versa for Jakarta. This indicates the important role of current government performance for achieving acceptability for these proposals. Moreover, findings from analysis with a hybrid discrete choice (HDC) model further suggest that tangible determinants, such as charge scenarios and individual mobility attributes can be a barrier to acceptance in both cities, along with the intangible determinant of inhibition of freedom of movement (IFM). On the other hand, the key intangible determinants recognition of the scheme’s effects (REC) and trust in government policy (TGP) might enhance acceptability of the scheme in Jakarta, while TGP may form a considerable barrier in the case of Nagoya.