Towards a safe non-invasive method for evaluating the carbonate substitution levels of hydroxyapatite (HAP) in micro-calcifications found in breast tissue
- 12 October 2010
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) in The Analyst
- Vol. 135 (12), 3156-3161
- https://doi.org/10.1039/c0an00565g
Abstract
A new diagnostic concept based on deep Raman spectroscopy is proposed permitting the non-invasive determination of the level of carbonate substitution in type II calcifications (HAP). The carbonate substitution has shown to be directly associated with the pathology of the surrounding breast tissue and different pathology groups can therefore be separated using specific features in the Raman spectra of the calcifications. This study explores the principle of distinguishing between type II calcifications, found in proliferating lesions, by using the strongest Raman peak from calcium hydroxyapatites (the phosphate peak at 960 cm−1) to act as a surrogate marker for carbonate substitution levels. It is believed that carbonate ion substitution leads to a perturbation of the hydroxyapatite lattice which in turn affects the phosphate vibrational modes. By studying calcifications, with known carbonate content, buried in porcine tissue it has been possible to evaluate the feasibility of using the proposed approach to probe the composition of the calcifications in vivo and hence provide pathology specific information non-invasively, in real time. Using the proposed concept we were able to determine the level of carbonate substitutions through soft tissue phantom samples (total thickness of 5.6 mm). As the level of carbonate substitution has been previously correlated with mid-FTIR to the lesion type, i.e. whether benign or invasive or in situ carcinoma, the new findings provide a major step forward towards establishing a new capability for diagnosing benign and malignant lesions in breast tissue in a safe and non-invasive manner in vivo.Keywords
This publication has 19 references indexed in Scilit:
- New relationships between breast microcalcifications and cancerBritish Journal of Cancer, 2010
- Emerging concepts in deep Raman spectroscopy of biological tissueThe Analyst, 2009
- Deep Noninvasive Raman Spectroscopy of Turbid MediaApplied Spectroscopy, 2008
- Advanced Transmission Raman Spectroscopy: A Promising Tool for Breast Disease DiagnosisCancer Research, 2008
- Noninvasive Raman tomographic imaging of canine bone tissueJournal of Biomedical Optics, 2008
- Prospects for the diagnosis of breast cancer by noninvasive probing of calcifications using transmission Raman spectroscopyJournal of Biomedical Optics, 2007
- Transcutaneous fiber optic Raman spectroscopy of bone using annular illumination and a circular array of collection fibersJournal of Biomedical Optics, 2006
- Diagnosing breast cancer by using Raman spectroscopyProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2005
- Microcalcifications Associated with Breast Cancer: An Epiphenomenon or Biologically Significant Feature of Selected Tumors?Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, 2005
- Micro-Raman Line Broadening in Synthetic Carbonated HydroxyapatiteJournal of Dental Research, 1986