Shear flow generation by Reynolds stress and suppression of resistive g modes

Abstract

Suppression of resistive g‐mode turbulence by background shear flow generated from a small external flow source and amplified by the fluctuation‐induced Reynolds stress is demonstrated and analyzed. The model leads to a paradigm for the low‐to‐high (L–H) confinement mode transition. To demonstrate the L–H transition model, single‐helicity nonlinear fluid simulations using the vorticity equation for the electrostatic potential, the pressure fluctuation equation, and the background poloidal flow equation are used in the sheared slab configuration. The relative efficiency of the external flow and the Reynolds stress for producing shear flow depends on the poloidal flow damping parameter ν, which is given by neoclassical theory. For large ν, the external flow is a dominant contribution to the total background poloidal shear flow and its strength predicted by the neoclassical theory is not enough to suppress the turbulence significantly. In contrast, for small ν, it is shown that the fluctuations drive a Reynolds stress that becomes large and suddenly, at some critical point in time, shear flow much larger than the external flow is generated and leads to an abrupt, order unity reduction of the turbulent transport just like that of the L–H transition in tokamak experiments. It is also found that, even in the case of no external flow, the shear flow generation due to the Reynolds stress occurs through the nonlinear interaction of the resistive g modes and reduces the transport. To supplement the numerical solutions, the Landau equation for the mode amplitude of the resistive g mode is derived, taking into account the fluctuation‐induced shear flow and the opposite action of the Reynolds stress in the resistive g turbulence compared with the classical shear flow Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) driven turbulence is analyzed.