Interfacial electrostatics guiding the crystallization of CaCO3 underneath monolayers of calixarenes and resorcarenesElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: representative optical and scanning electron micrographs of CaCO3 crystals grown underneath a monolayer of 1 at low surface pressure; additional crystallographic data including numbering schemes, tables and refinement details. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/jm/b4/b403132f/
The amphiphilic octaacids rccc-4,6,10,12,16,18,22,24-octakis-O-(carboxymethyl)-2,8,14,20-tetra(n-undecyl)resorc[4]arene (1) and 5,11,17,23,29,35,41,47-octakis(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56-octa(carboxymethoxy)calix[8]arene (2) form stable monolayers at the air–water interface which induce growth of CaCO3 crystals at the monolayer–solution interface. Uniformly (012) oriented rhombohedral calcite single crystals grow underneath a monolayer of 2, whereas crystallization under a monolayer of 1 preferentially leads to formation of acicular aggregates of aragonite crystals. While polymorph selection and orientations of the CaCO3 crystals critically depend on the average charge density of the monolayer, the molecular shape and the particular Ca coordination behaviour of the amphiphiles that form the monolayer are of minor importance. CaCO3 crystal growth underneath monolayers of macrocyclic amphiphiles is briefly reviewed and the present experimental observations are compared to previous related investigations on “template-induced” biomimetic mineralization.