Considerations on a Possible Viral Etiology for B-Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia of Childhood

Abstract

A large body of evidence supports the hypothesis that an infectious agent is involved in the etiology of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children in the 2–5-year age range. To explain these data, it has been proposed that some cases of pediatric ALL arise as a rare response to a common childhood infection, and that the leukemia-inducing potential of the agent is related to the timing of infection, with a greater leukemogenic effect for later infections compared with those occurring during infancy. An alternative model for the etiology of a subset of childhood ALL is proposed that places the critical infectious event during pregnancy rather than early childhood. In this model, the etiologic agent causes a primary infection in the mother that is transmitted to the fetus, and as a consequence of this in utero infection, the child is at increased risk of developing ALL before the age of 5 years. The characteristics that the causative infectious agent of childhood ALL occurring in the 2–5-year age range should possess include (a) ability to induce genomic instability; (b) specific effects on B lymphocytes and not on T lymphocytes; (c) higher rates of infection in regions with lower socioeconomic status; (d) limited general oncogenic potential; (e) minimal symptoms associated with the primary infection; and (f) ability to cross the placenta and infect the fetus, but not cause severe fetal abnormalities. A candidate virus meeting many of these criteria is the JC virus, a member of the polyomavirus family. Implications of the possible etiologic role of JC virus for some cases of childhood ALL (especially those with hyperdiploid leukemia cells) are discussed.