The Root of Angiosperm Phylogeny Inferred from Duplicate Phytochrome Genes

Abstract
An analysis of duplicate phytochrome genes (PHYAandPHYC) is used to root the angiosperms, thereby avoiding the inclusion of highly diverged outgroup sequences. The results unambiguously place the root nearAmborella(one species, New Caledonia) and resolve water lilies (Nymphaeales, ∼70 species, cosmopolitan), followed byAustrobaileya(one species, Australia), as early branches. These findings bear directly on the interpretation of morphological evolution and diversification within angiosperms.