Continuous Symmetry Breaking Induced by Ion Pairing Effect in Heptamethine Cyanine Dyes: Beyond the Cyanine Limit

Abstract

The association of heptamethine cyanine cation 1(+) with various counterions A (A = Br-, I-, PF6-, SbF6-, B(C6F5)(4)(-), TRISPHAT) was realized. The six different ion pairs have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, and their absorption properties were studied in polar (DCM) and apolar (toluene) solvents. A small, hard anion (Br-) is able to strongly polarize the polymethine chain, resulting in the stabilization of an asymmetric dipolar-like structure in the crystal and in nondissociating solvents. On the contrary, in more polar solvents or when it is associated with a bulky soft anion (TRISPHAT or B(C6F5)(4)(-)), the same cyanine dye adopts preferentially the ideal polymethine state. The solid-state and solution absorption properties of heptamethine dyes are therefore strongly correlated to the nature of the counterion.