Mild endotoxemia, NF-κB translocation, and cytokine increase during exertional heat stress in trained and untrained individuals
- 1 August 2008
- journal article
- research article
- Published by American Physiological Society in American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
- Vol. 295 (2), R611-R623
- https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00917.2007
Abstract
This study examined endotoxin-mediated cytokinemia during exertional heat stress (EHS). Subjects were divided into trained [TR; n = 12, peak aerobic power (V̇o2peak) = 70 ± 2 ml·kg lean body mass−1·min−1] and untrained (UT; n = 11, V̇o2peak= 50 ± 1 ml·kg lean body mass−1·min−1) groups before walking at 4.5 km/h with 2% elevation in a climatic chamber (40°C, 30% relative humidity) wearing protective clothing until exhaustion (Exh). Venous blood samples at baseline and 0.5°C rectal temperature increments (38.0, 38.5, 39.0, 39.5, and 40.0°C/Exh) were analyzed for endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide binding protein, circulating cytokines, and intranuclear NF-κB translocation. Baseline and Exh samples were also stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml) and cultured in vitro in a 37°C water bath for 30 min. Phenotypic determination of natural killer cell frequency was also determined. Enhanced blood (104 ± 6 vs. 84 ± 3 ml/kg) and plasma volumes (64 ± 4 vs. 51 ± 2 ml/kg) were observed in TR compared with UT subjects. EHS produced an increased concentration of circulating endotoxin in both TR (8 ± 2 pg/ml) and UT subjects (15 ± 3 pg/ml) (range: not detected to 32 pg/ml), corresponding with NF-κB translocation and cytokine increases in both groups. In addition, circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6 were also elevated combined with concomitant increases in IL-1 receptor antagonist in both groups and IL-10 in TR subjects only. Findings suggest that the threshold for endotoxin leakage and inflammatory activation during EHS occurs at a lower temperature in UT compared with TR subjects and support the endotoxin translocation hypothesis of exertional heat stroke, linking endotoxin tolerance and heat tolerance.Keywords
This publication has 83 references indexed in Scilit:
- The cardiovascular challenge of exercising in the heatThe Journal of Physiology, 2008
- Exercise pretraining protects against cerebral ischaemia induced by heat stroke in ratsBritish Journal of Sports Medicine, 2007
- Serum Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein Concentrations in Trauma VictimsSurgical Infections, 2006
- The Roles of Exercise-Induced Immune System Disturbances in the Pathology of Heat StrokeSports Medicine, 2006
- Effect of blood volume on plasma volume shift during exerciseJournal of Thermal Biology, 2004
- Effects of enteral supplementation with glutamine granules on intestinal mucosal barrier function in severe burned patientsBurns, 2004
- Increased iNOS activity is essential for hepatic epithelial tight junction dysfunction in endotoxemic miceAmerican Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 2004
- Effects of Exercise and Training on Natural Killer Cell Counts and Cytolytic ActivitySports Medicine, 1999
- Decreased endotoxin-binding capacity of whole blood in patients with alcoholic liver diseaseJournal of Hepatology, 1997
- Function of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP) and CD14, the receptor for LPS/LBP complexes: a short reviewResearch in Immunology, 1992