Involvement of Carbohydrate, Protein and Phenylanine Ammonia Lyase in Up-Regulation of Secondary Metabolites in Labisia pumila under Various CO2 and N2 Level
Open Access
- 20 May 2011
- Vol. 16 (5), 4172-4190
- https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16054172
Abstract
A split plot factorial 2 × 3 experiment was designed to examine and characterize the relationships among secondary metabolites (total phenolics, TP; total flavonoids, TF), carbohydrate content, C/N ratio, protein synthesis and L–phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5) activity in the Malaysian medicinal herb Labisia pumila (Blume) Fern-Vill. under different CO2 concentrations (400 = ambient and 1,200 µmol mol−1 CO2) and three levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 90 and 270 kg N ha−1) for 15 weeks. The interaction between CO2 and nitrogen levels imposed a significant impact on plant secondary metabolite production, protein, PAL activity and fructose levels. Highest TP and TF were recorded under 1,200 µmol mol−1 CO2 when N fertilizer was not applied; lowest values were obtained at 400 µmol mol−1 CO2 fertilized with the highest N level. Concurrently, fructose contents increased tremendously. Increase in fructose content might also enhance erythose-4-phosphate production (substrate for lignin and phenolic compounds), which shares a common precursor transdalolase in the pentose phosphate pathway. PAL activity was noted to be highest under 1,200 µmol mol−1 CO2 + 0 kg N ha−1 coinciding with subsequent recording of the lowest protein content. The results implied that the increase in plant secondary metabolites production under the tested conditions might be due to diversion of phenylalanine for protein synthesis to production of secondary metabolites. It was also found that the sucrose to starch ratio was also high under high levels of nitrogen fertilization, indicating an enhanced sucrose phosphate synthase activity (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14) under such condition.Keywords
This publication has 39 references indexed in Scilit:
- Elevated Carbon Dioxide Increases Contents of Flavonoids and Phenolic Compounds, and Antioxidant Activities in Malaysian Young Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) VarietiesMolecules, 2010
- Impact of in vitro CO2 enrichment and sugar deprivation on acclimatory responses of Phalaenopsis plantlets to ex vitro conditionsEnvironmental and Experimental Botany, 2009
- Atmospheric CO2 enrichment affects potatoes: 2. Tuber quality traitsEuropean Journal of Agronomy, 2009
- Diurnal changes of Rubisco in response to elevated CO2, temperature and nitrogen in wheat grown under temperature gradient tunnelsEnvironmental and Experimental Botany, 2005
- Epidermal Lignin Deposition in Quinoa Cotyledons in Response to UV-B Radiation¶Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2004
- Interactions of Nitrate and CO2 Enrichment on Growth, Carbohydrates, and Rubisco in Arabidopsis Starch Mutants. Significance of Starch and HexosePlant Physiology, 2002
- Integration of photosynthetic acclimation to CO2at the whole‐plant levelGlobal Change Biology, 1998
- The Dilemma of Plants: To Grow or DefendThe Quarterly Review of Biology, 1992
- Physicohemical basis for the preferential uses of certain rice varietiesPlant Foods for Human Nutrition, 1984
- A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye bindingAnalytical Biochemistry, 1976