Cognition, Emotion and Behavior in Children with Tourette’s Syndrome and Children with ADHD-Combined Subtype—A Two-Year Follow-Up Study
Open Access
- 16 December 2015
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Public Library of Science (PLoS) in PLOS ONE
- Vol. 10 (12), e0144874
- https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144874
Abstract
This two-year follow-up study investigates the course of and association among measures of cognitive control, focused attention, decision-making and symptom severity (anxiety, depression and behavior) in children and adolescents with Tourette’s Syndrome (TS) or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Combined subtype (ADHD-C). 19 children with TS, 33 with ADHD-C, and 50 typically developing children (TDC) were examined with a battery of psychometric measures and rating forms at baseline and two-years later. All three groups improved likewise in measures of cognitive control over time, whereas only the TDC improved in focused attention. The group of children with TS with comorbidities performed more similar to the children with ADHD-C in cognitive control at T1 and T2, whereas the children with TS without comorbidities performed more similar to the TDC in cognitive control at T1 and T2. In the decision-making task, the children with TS (with or without comorbidities) preferred a safer strategy in selecting advantageous choices than the children with ADHD-C and the TDC at T2. Children with TS and children with ADHD-C showed higher symptoms of anxiety and depression and more problems with emotional control compared with TDC at both time points. Finally, children with ADHD-C self-reported more depression symptoms than those with TS at both assessments. For the TS group, safer decision-making was related to better emotional control, and this relationship was stronger for the TS subgroup without comorbidities. This study emphasizes the importance of addressing symptoms of anxiety and depression in children with TS or ADHD-C, identifying the effect of comorbidities in children with TS, and that children with TS or ADHD-C likely differ in their sensitivity to reinforcement contingencies.This publication has 91 references indexed in Scilit:
- Risky Behavior in Gambling Tasks in Individuals with ADHD – A Systematic Literature ReviewPLOS ONE, 2013
- Pathogenetic model for Tourette syndrome delineates overlap with related neurodevelopmental disorders including AutismTranslational Psychiatry, 2012
- The Attention System of the Human Brain: 20 Years AfterAnnual Review of Neuroscience, 2012
- Compensatory Neural Reorganization in Tourette SyndromeCurrent Biology, 2011
- A Developmental Perspective on Executive FunctionChild Development, 2010
- Psychosocial outcome and psychiatric comorbidity in older adolescents with Tourette syndrome: controlled studyThe British Journal of Psychiatry, 2010
- Pharmacological modulation of subliminal learning in Parkinson's and Tourette's syndromesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009
- Evaluating Dopamine Reward Pathway in ADHDJAMA, 2009
- The Effects of Methylphenidate on Decision Making in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity DisorderBiological Psychiatry, 2008
- Factor analysis of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale for Blacks, Whites, males, and females with a national normative sample.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1981