A delay in age at first mating results in the loss of future reproductive potential via apoptosis

Abstract

SUMMARY Women who delay childbearing risk subfertility. However, this loss of fertility is not a simple function of aging. Women who have had children early in life tend to maintain fertility longer, measuredasa later ageatmenopause.But why should otherwise healthy women lose reproductive capacity? Loss of fertility independent of senescence, menopause, has been approached from two perspectives: evolution and development. Evolutionary biologists focus on how natural selection favors survival after reproductive ability has ceased, whereas reproductive biologists examine mechanisms by which women lose fertility with age and factors that influence the rate of reproductive aging. Combining mechanistic studies with evolutionary theory should allow us to define principles of the evolution of postembryonic development of ovaries, including the role of reproductive timing relative to sexual maturation. Achieving this will require identifying appropriate, and more experimentally tractable, taxa in which to study how early reproductive events influence lifetime fertility. We work with an invertebrate species, the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea, with a complex reproductive biology in which females experience reproductive cycles, give live birth, and show age-related decline in fertility. Thus, N. cinerea provides an opportunity to use an experimental approach to examine mechanisms by which females lose reproductive potential as they delay reproduction. Our results demonstrate that the loss of both oocytes ready for fertilization and future oocytes in females that delay mating is because of apoptosis. Wesuggest that loss of fertility because of delayed matingmay originate in a nonadaptive response in control of apoptosis through mistiming of reproduction.