β-Chemokines Are Induced byMycobacterium tuberculosisand Inhibit Its Growth

Abstract

Chemokines (CK) are potent leukocyte activators and chemoattractants and aid in granuloma formation, functions critical for the immune response toMycobacterium tuberculosis. We hypothesized that infection of alveolar macrophages (AM) with different strains ofM. tuberculosiselicits distinct profiles of CK, which could be altered by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), and MIP-1β were the major β-CK produced in response toM. tuberculosisinfection. VirulentM. tuberculosis(H37Rv) induced significantly less MIP-1α than did the avirulent strain (H37Ra), while MIP-1β and RANTES production was comparable for both strains. MIP-1α and MIP-1β were induced by the membrane, but not cytosolic, fraction ofM. tuberculosis.M. tuberculosis-induced CK secretion was partly dependent on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). AM from HIV-infected individuals produced less TNF-α and MIP-1β than did normal AM in response to eitherM. tuberculosisstrain. We tested the functional significance of decreased β-CK secretion by examining the ability of β-CK to suppress intracellular growth ofM. tuberculosis. MIP-1β and RANTES suppressed intracellular growth ofM. tuberculosistwo- to threefold, a novel finding. Thus, β-CK contribute to the innate immune response toM. tuberculosisinfection, and their diminution may promote the intracellular survival ofM. tuberculosis.