CRISPR-Mediated Adaptive Immune Systems in Bacteria and Archaea
Top Cited Papers
- 2 June 2013
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Annual Reviews in Annual Review of Biochemistry
- Vol. 82 (1), 237-266
- https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-072911-172315
Abstract
Effective clearance of an infection requires that the immune system rapidly detects and neutralizes invading parasites while strictly avoiding self-antigens that would result in autoimmunity. The cellular machinery and complex signaling pathways that coordinate an effective immune response have generally been considered properties of the eukaryotic immune system. However, a surprisingly sophisticated adaptive immune system that relies on small RNAs for sequence-specific targeting of foreign nucleic acids was recently discovered in bacteria and archaea. Molecular vaccination in prokaryotes is achieved by integrating short fragments of foreign nucleic acids into a repetitive locus in the host chromosome known as a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat). Here we review the mechanisms of CRISPR-mediated immunity and discuss the ecological and evolutionary implications of these adaptive defense systems.Keywords
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